Self-Advocacy Skills in Special Education: A Key Path to Empowerment and Integration

Abstract

Self-advocacy competencies are the primary skills for students with special educational needs (SEN) in achieving educational inclusion, social integration, and effective transition into adulthood. This paper systematically considered the theoretical foundations of self-advocacy, fundamental elements (self-knowledge, awareness of rights, communication skills, and negotiation strategies), development stages, and its practical functions in Individualised Education Plan (IEP) meetings, classroom accommodations, peer relationships, and transition planning. Also, this study reviewed the individual, setting, and societal factors and outlined a step-by-step intervention framework, which includes direct instruction, situation drills, peer modelling, technology support, and adult support strategies. This paper concluded that incorporating self-advocacy education into the heart of special education teaching and the formation of an enabling ecology of student-family-school-community. It was recommended that schools should offer a dedicated self-advocacy course and provide training for parents. Teachers should teach students how to express their thoughts and feelings, create an open and supportive environment, give positive feedback, provide guidance and support, and encourage students to support each other.