FORENSIC SKELETAL IDENTIFICATION IN NIGERIA: METHODS, CHALLENGES AND CASE STUDIES

Abstract

Forensic skeletal identification plays a critical role in medico-legal investigations, particularly in cases involving 
decomposed, fragmented, or unidentified human remains. This study provides a critical appraisal of skeletal 
identification methods in Nigeria, focusing on their application, limitations, and relevance within the forensic and 
criminal justice systems. A narrative literature review was conducted using major databases, including PubMed, and 
Google Scholar, to synthesize current evidence on forensic anthropology and biological profiling. Findings indicate 
that skeletal identification in Nigeria relies primarily on morphological and metric approaches, with emerging use of 
advanced techniques such as DNA analysis and radiological imaging. However, their effectiveness is constrained by 
inadequate forensic infrastructure, shortage of trained personnel, incomplete skeletal remains, and lack of 
population-specific reference data. Case-based analyses, including criminal skeletal recovery and mass fatality 
scenarios, reveal significant gaps between established forensic methodologies and their practical implementation. 
The study concludes that while forensic skeletal identification methods are well established, their application in 
Nigeria remains limited by systemic challenges. Strengthening forensic infrastructure, developing population
specific databases, and integrating multidisciplinary approaches are essential to improve identification outcomes and 
support effective medico-legal investigations.