AL-HIKMAH JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES (AJOHS)
Al-Hikmah Journal of Health Sciences (AJOHS) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal that is published biannually by The Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University Ilorin, Nigeria. Manuscripts Submission Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged. The text, tables, and figures should be included in a single Microsoft Word file (preferably in Times Roman font).
THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN ILORIN METROPOLIS
Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly among pregnant women, where it contributes significantly to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the widespread availability of modern antimalarial therapies, many pregnant women continue to rely on traditional medicine for prevention and treatment. This study investigated the prevalence and perception of the use of traditional medicine for malaria treatment among pregnant women in Ilorin Metropolis. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The population comprised all pregnant women in Ilorin West, East, and South Local Government Area who had experienced malaria during pregnancy. A sample of 362 respondents was selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a validated researcher-designed questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.78. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means). Findings revealed a high prevalence of traditional medicine use for malaria treatment among pregnant women in Ilorin Metropolis, with 86% of respondents reporting use of herbal mixtures and 84% using neem leaves (dogonyaro). Perceived efficacy was high (84% agreement), though safety concerns remained moderate (47% agreement). Respondents aged 26-35 years constituted 45.5% of the sample, 47.5% were multiparous, and 49.5% were in their third trimester. Many respondents also expressed a preference for combining traditional and modern healthcare, suggesting the potential for safe and structured integration. The study concludes that traditional medicine remains an essential component of malaria management among pregnant women in Ilorin Metropolis. It recommends government regulation, public health education, and scientific validation of commonly used herbs to ensure safe, effective, and evidence-based integration of traditional medicine into Nigeria's maternal healthcare system.
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-HIKMAH JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES (AJOHS)
Knowledge and Attitude of Women of Childbearing Ages Towards the Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services at Ilorin West LGA
This study examined the knowledge and attitude of women of childbearing age towards the utilisation of antenatal care services at Ilorin West Local Government Area. A quantitative design was utilised for the study. The population of the study comprised all women of childbearing age in Ilorin West LGA, Kwara State. A multi-stage sampling procedure of simple random sampling, proportionate and convenience sampling techniques was employed to select three hundred and ninety-one (391) respondents for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire and an interview guide. Mean score ranking analysis, inferential analysis of Chi-square was employed to provide answers to research questions and analyse the hypotheses. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health, Ilorin. The study findings revealed that there is a good level of knowledge of antenatal care services among women of childbearing age in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State.
Knowledge Attitude Women Child-Bearing Ilorin
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA UTILIZATION ON MENTAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE
This study examined the association between social media utilization and the mental health status of adolescents in Ilorin, Kwara State. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted, and a structured questionnaire was administered to 375 adolescents selected through multistage sampling. Mental health was assessed using adapted scales measuring anxiety, sadness, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbance, self-esteem, and negative social comparison, with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.82). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and one-way ANOVA. Findings revealed that all participants were active social media users, with WhatsApp (68.0%) and TikTok (50.4%) being the most frequently used platforms. Anxiety and concentration difficulties were the most reported mental health challenges. Correlation analysis showed significant but weak associations: a negative correlation between duration of use and anxiety (r = - 0.220, p<0.001) and a positive correlation with sleep disturbance (r = 0.158, p=0.002). ANOVA results indicated that the purpose of social-media use had a significant and stronger association with all six mental-health outcomes, with entertainment use linked to more negative outcomes. It was concluded that patterns of social media use, particularly the purpose of engagement, are associated with adolescents’ psychological well-being. Parental monitoring, digital-literacy education, and guided social-media engagement were recommended to promote healthier online behavior.
Social Media, Adolescents, Mental Health.
EVALUATING TUBERCULOSIS SCREENING PRACTICE AND AWARENESS AMONG RURAL DWELLERS IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES OF MORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA STATE
Introduction: With TB remaining a public health challenge in rural Nigeria, this study seeks to bridge knowledge gaps and enhance community-based strategies. This study evaluates tuberculosis (TB) screening practices and awareness among rural dwellers in selected communities of Moro Local Government Area (LGA), Kwara State, Nigeria, to inform targeted interventions for improved TB control. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted, which involved 263 respondents selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic details, TB awareness, screening practices, and stigma perceptions. The study adhered to ethical standards, ensuring informed consent and confidentiality. Descriptive analysis was done using tables of frequencies, while inferential analysis was done using chi-square in SPSS. Results: Knowledge of symptoms like persistent cough was high in Ajanaku and Shao, but vaccine awareness was low in Malete and Womi. Awareness varied, with Ajanaku at good awareness, contrasting with Malete and Womi. Screening uptake ranged from in Ajanaku to in Oloru, with willingness highest in Oloru. Access barriers peaked in Shao, linked to non-income residents. Education strongly influenced awareness, while income affected access in Malete and Womi. Stigma was moderate but did not deter screening. Conclusion: The study concluded that TB screening practices and awareness in the Moro LGA area require targeted interventions to address educational disparities, economic barriers, and healthcare access. The government should invest in educational campaigns and mobile clinics, communities should promote local initiatives, and individuals should seek screening and personal education to enhance TB control efforts.
DETERMINANTS OF FAMILY PLANNING UTILIZATION AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN ILORIN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Introduction: Family planning plays a crucial role in promoting reproductive health and ensuring the well-being of mothers and children. Although various awareness campaigns have been implemented in Nigeria, the uptake and consistent use of family planning services remain inadequate, particularly in rural and peri-urban communities. This study examined the level of knowledge, utilization, and the factors influencing family planning practices among women of reproductive age in selected communities within Ilorin East Local Government Area, Nigeria. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, involving 420 women of reproductive age who completed a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. The respondents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, awareness and sources of information on family planning, usage patterns, and perceptions regarding accessibility, affordability, and cultural influences. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests, to determine associations between key variables. Results: Findings indicated that 83.3% of respondents were aware of family planning, with health workers and the media serving as the main sources of information. Pills (40.5%) and injectables (24.8%) were the most commonly known methods. Despite high awareness levels, only 64.3% of respondents reported using contraceptives, with pills (25.5%) and condoms (13.3%) being the most utilized. Pharmacies (38.8%) and government health centers were the primary sources of contraceptives. Educational attainment and income significantly influenced both awareness and usage. Other factors affecting family planning decisions included partner support, fear of side effects, and religious beliefs. The p-value was 0.000 (chi-square association). This indicates a statistically significant association at the conventional threshold between partner support for family planning and religious influence on family planning decisions Conclusion: The study underscores a persistent gap between family planning awareness and actual utilization. Addressing this requires community-focused education, active male participation, and improved access to culturally sensitive, high-quality family planning services. Health workers should also be equipped to dispel myths and fears surrounding contraceptive use. Efforts to improve family planning uptake should emphasize comprehensive community education, especially for women with low educational backgrounds, and should include information on all available contraceptive methods. Promoting male involvement and fostering open spousal communication are essential for improving acceptance and shared decision-making.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND DETERMINANTS OF WEANINGPRACTICES AMONGST NURSING MOTHERS IN SELECTEDCOMMUNITIES IN MORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Background: Weaning, the gradual shift from exclusive breastfeeding to complementary feeding, is vital for infant growth. Despite WHO’s six-month exclusive breastfeeding recommendation, only 17% of Nigerian infants are exclusively breastfed and 11% receive a minimum acceptable diet. In Moro LGA, Kwara State, cultural beliefs, poor maternal education, and economic hardship contribute to malnutrition and child morbidity. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and determinants of weaning practices among nursing mothers. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 mothers with children aged 6–24 months. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, observations, and focus group discussions. Multistage sampling was employed, and analysis involved descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and logistic regression at 5% significance. FGDs accounted for 50 participants (≈10%) while observational accounted for 100 participants (≈20%) of the study. FGD was used to capture cultural influences and observations to help observe households' feeding practices. Result: Respondents were mostly married (80%), aged 26–35 years (50%), with 20% having no formal education and 40% earning <₦30,000. While 60% identified 4–6 months as the ideal weaning age, 40% held misconceptions. Pap was the most common food (80%), though 20% introduced inappropriate adult foods. Seventy percent initiated weaning at 4–6 months, 85% received antenatal teaching, yet 60% reported cultural influence. Education (χ² = 25.6, p = 0.0002), income (χ² = 18.9, p = 0.0008), and cultural influence were significant predictors. Logistic regression confirmed tertiary education (OR = 2.3), income >₦70,000 (OR = 1.8), and absence of cultural influence (OR = 1.5) as determinants of timely weaning. Conclusion: Mothers showed moderate knowledge and positive attitudes, but cultural norms, limited education, and low income hinder optimal weaning.
Behavioral Factors Influencing Treated Mosquito Nets Use in Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Analysis
Introduction: Malaria continues to be a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly in rural settings like Moro Local Government Area, Kwara State. Despite widespread distribution campaigns, the consistent and correct use of treated mosquito nets remains suboptimal. This study examined the behavioural factors influencing the use of treated mosquito nets in Moro LGA, with a focus on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among residents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 380 respondents selected using a multistage sampling technique. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of malaria prevention, attitude towards treated nets, and actual usage practices. Descriptive analysis was done using tables of frequencies, while inferential analysis was done using chi-square. Results: Findings revealed a high level of awareness, with 92.2% of respondents having heard of treated mosquito nets, yet only 78.1% reported consistent use. While 78.4% demonstrate good knowledge about the preventive role of mosquito nets, several behavioural and attitudinal barriers—including discomfort, heat, and misconceptions—were found to limit usage. Statistical analysis indicates significant associations between educational status, income level, marital status, and both knowledge and net usage (p < 0.05). The study concludes that behavioural factors—especially attitudes and perceived inconvenience—play a crucial role in net usage. Public health interventions should therefore go beyond distribution to include behavioural change communication and targeted sensitization campaigns. Conclusion: The study found that although many respondents had fair knowledge of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) and their role in malaria prevention, but this knowledge did not consistently lead to positive attitudes or regular use. While most understood that LLINs protect against malaria, especially for children and pregnant women, behavioural, environmental, and cultural factors limited consistent usage. Common barriers include misconceptions about malaria, doubts about net effectiveness, and discomfort caused by heat.
Effect of Health Insurance Education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Utilisation of Healthcare Services Among Students in a University in Northeast Nigeria
Education enhances opportunities for healthier lives, while poor health can make learning difficult and deter educational attainment. The Tertiary Institutions Social Health Insurance Programme (TISHIP) was designed to ensure that students in tertiary institutions have access to quality healthcare services. However, despite its potential benefits, service utilisation under the scheme is low across many institutions, with many students often relying on self-medication and other forms of care. This study investigated the effect of Health Insurance Education on the knowledge, attitude, and utilisation of TISHIP services among undergraduate students at the University of Maiduguri. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control-group design was used, involving 70 students randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received structured education on health insurance, while the control group received general health education unrelated to insurance, both over a period of 6 weeks. Data were collected using a validated, pretested questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that Health Insurance Education produced significant improvements in knowledge (t =5.812, df:68, p < 0.001), attitude (t = 2.140, df:68, p = 0.040), and utilisation of TISHIP services (t = 3.230, df:68, p = 0.030) compared to the control group. The study concluded that structured Health Insurance Education substantially improved students’ knowledge, attitudes, and utilisation of TISHIP services. It recommends the integration of sustained health insurance education into student orientation programmes and academic curriculum. Policymakers, tertiary institutions, and all stakeholders must also strengthen collaboration, improve access to quality healthcare, and develop targeted awareness campaigns to enhance service utilisation, thereby reducing the practice of unsafe care options among students, and promoting academic performance and public health goals.
Health Insurance Education, Students, Knowledge, Attitude, Utilisation, Health-services.
Sub-Chronic Cardiac Effects of Adimenu Herbal Mixture: Evaluation of CK-MB and Troponin I in Rabbits
Background: Adimenu, a locally produced herbal mixture in Nigeria, is widely used to manage several conditions, including hypertension; however, its cardiac safety remains unevaluated. Thus, this study investigated the effects of Adimenu on cardiac biomarkers such as creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in rabbits. Method: Twenty healthy male rabbits were randomly assigned to four groups comprising control, 25% Adimenu, 50% Adimenu, and 100% Adimenu (n = 5 each). Treatments were administered orally for 14 days. During the study, three rabbits were lost, leaving 17 animals that completed the treatment and reached the terminal stage. Body weights and serum CK-MB and cTnI levels were measured, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc comparisons. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Three animals were lost during the study (two from the 25% group and one from the 100% group), leaving 17 animals that completed treatment. The rabbits given increasing Adimenu concentrations exhibited progressive weight gain, with the 100% group showing the greatest increase (F = 7.773, p = 0.003). CK-MB levels varied across groups but did not differ significantly (F = 0.937, p = 0.451), indicating no consistent effect on this marker. In contrast, cTnI levels were significantly elevated in the 25% (p = 0.005) and 50% (p = 0.003) groups compared to controls; however, not in the 100% group (p = 0.968), suggesting a concentration-dependent response with a peak effect at intermediate doses. Conclusion: Adimenu produced a dose-related increase in body weight and significantly raised cardiac troponin I at intermediate doses (25% and 50%), while CK-MB remained unaffected. These findings suggest possible cardiotoxic stress at moderate concentrations and an unpredictable response at the highest dose, underscoring the need for dosage regulation and further safety evaluation.
Assessment of meat safety and hygiene: knowledge, attitude and practices in selected abattoirs in Ilorin, Nigeria.
This study investigates the safety and hygiene practices of meat processing in selected abattoirs in Ilorin, Nigeria. With meat serving as a significant protein source, ensuring its safety is crucial for public health. A mixed-method approach, including structured questionnaires, observations, and interviews, was employed to collect data from 170 participants, including butchers, regulatory officers, and veterinary personnel. The findings reveal a high level of awareness of regulatory requirements among participants 156 (91.18%), but there are significant gaps in compliance with safety protocols, particularly in the pre-slaughter handling and post-slaughter processes. Major concerns identified include inadequate training on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), insufficient cleaning and sanitizing of equipment, and the absence of proper waste management systems. This study highlights the critical need for improved training programs, regulatory enforcement, and infrastructure upgrades in abattoirs. Recommendations are made for government agencies to enhance compliance and for stakeholders to adopt best practices that ensure a high level of meat safety and hygiene. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on meat safety in Nigeria and emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to improve public health outcomes through effective abattoir management.
Knowledge and Communication of Adverse Reactions Following Immunizations among Caregivers and Healthcare Workers in Ilorin ,Nigeria.
Background: Adverse Reactions Following Immunization (ARI) remain a critical factor influencing public confidence in vaccination programs, particularly in developing nations. This study examined caregivers’ and healthcare workers’ (HCWs) knowledge, perceptions, and communication practices concerning ARI in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was adopted, involving a survey of 360 caregivers and qualitative interviews with nine HCWs and three focus group discussions with caregivers from selected Primary Health Centres (PHCs) across Ilorin East, West, and South Local Government Areas (LGAs). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis using MAXQDA 2020. Results: Results showed that 78.9% of caregivers demonstrated adequate knowledge of ARI; 86.9% recognized fever and 72.8% identified soreness as common post-vaccination reactions. However, despite 95.3% acknowledging ease of reporting, only 38.4% of those who experienced ARI reported them. Hesitancy occurred in 59.2% of caregivers and, largely due to misinformation and cultural beliefs, while 90% gained confidence through supportive communication with HCWs. Conclusion: Findings highlight the pivotal role of effective communication and training in sustaining immunization confidence.
Adverse Reactions Following Immunizations (ARFIs) ,Communication, Caregivers, Healthcare Workers, Ilorin, Nigeria
Determinants of Uptake of Modern Contraceptives Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Kwara State
This study investigates the determinants influencing modern contraceptive uptake among married women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in rural communities of Kwara State, Nigeria. Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected between January and March 2025 from 400 women randomly selected in Asa and Moro Local Government Areas. A structured questionnaire captured socio-demographic characteristics, spousal communication patterns, access to healthcare services, cultural beliefs, and perceptions of side effects. Findings indicate that 38% of respondents currently use at least one modern contraceptive method. Multivariate logistic regression identified higher educational attainment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.8–4.1), open spousal communication regarding family planning (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI: 2.1–4.8), and residence within 5 kilometers of a healthcare facility offering family planning services (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3–2.9) as significant positive predictors of uptake (p < 0.01). Conversely, entrenched cultural beliefs about fertility and apprehension regarding contraceptive side effects were reported by 52% and 46% of non-users, respectively, acting as substantial barriers to adoption. Qualitative feedback from focus group discussions further highlighted male partner approval and community health education as critical facilitators. These results underscore the necessity for integrated interventions that combine health education, community engagement, and male involvement to address misconceptions and improve service accessibility. Strengthening family planning outreach in rural settings through mobile clinics and community health volunteers may enhance contraceptive coverage and contribute to broader reproductive health goals in Kwara State.
Prevalence and Predictors of Adolescent Pregnancy in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of Ilorin, Kwara State
This study investigates the prevalence and underlying predictors of adolescent pregnancy among female students in urban and semi-urban areas of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 600 adolescent girls aged 13 to 19 through a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. The findings revealed a 14.5% prevalence rate of adolescent pregnancy within the sample population. Further analysis identified significant predictors including early initiation of sexual activity, inadequate parental monitoring, and limited exposure to reproductive health education. Socioeconomic factors and peer influence also emerged as contributing variables. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions such as comprehensive sexuality education, improved parental involvement, and the provision of youth-friendly reproductive health services within schools and communities. These measures are essential to reduce adolescent pregnancy and its associated health, social, and economic consequences. Stakeholders in education, health, and social welfare sectors must collaborate to implement sustainable strategies that address the multifaceted dimensions of teenage pregnancy. The results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on adolescent reproductive health and provide a foundation for policy formulation and program development tailored to the unique challenges faced by young girls in Ilorin and similar contexts.
Enhancing Health and Safety for Beauty Professionals in Ijebu-Jesa and Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
Introduction: Body modification practices such as tattooing and piercing are increasingly popular worldwide, including among Nigerian youth. However, inadequate hygiene practices among practitioners pose significant public health risks. This study assessed the baseline knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to hygiene among tattoo and piercing practitioners in Osun State, Nigeria, and evaluated the effectiveness of a targeted educational intervention. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving pre- and post-intervention assessments. The intervention comprised structured lectures and hands-on demonstrations on infection control and hygiene standards. Results: This study observed a critical effect size in knowledge (d = 2.31) and medium effect sizes for practice (d = 0.71), highlighting the training's effectiveness. A striking 83.9% of the intervention group agreed that tattoo artists should cover exposed skin, a stark contrast to only 17.2% in the control group. Furthermore, nearly all intervention group participants, 93.5%, recognized the importance of cleaning clients' skin with antiseptic, whereas only 17.2% of the control group shared this view. In a positive shift, 67.7% of the intervention group disagreed that wearing gloves is more important than washing hands, suggesting a more comprehensive understanding of both practices' importance, unlike the 79.3% in the control group who prioritized gloves. Conclusion: The study observed that baseline assessments revealed limited knowledge and suboptimal adherence to health and safety protocols among participants. Post-intervention findings demonstrated significant improvements in both knowledge and reported hygiene practices. These findings suggest the implementation of standardized, structured training programs to enhance safety and reduce health risks in the industry among body modification practitioners.
The Practice and Factors Modulating Self-Medication among University Healthcare Students in Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria
Background: Self-medication is the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms. Although it can be beneficial if practiced appropriately, there are many risks associated with it, including misuse, abuse, addiction, and rising antibiotic resistance. This study evaluated the prevalence of self-medication practices and the factors associated with it. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using systematic random sampling among students of health-related courses at the University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, between 1st May and 31st August 2024, with a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics (frequency tables and cross-tabulations) summarized the data, while chi-square test was used to test associations between variables at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: A total of 269 students participated, with the majority, 173 (64.3%), being medical students. All respondents practiced self-medication, with nearly half (49.1%) doing so rarely, one-third (33.1%) sometimes, and a smaller proportion (10.0%) often. The main reasons for self-medication were perception of symptoms as mild (82.5%), previous experience with the drug (82.5%), urgency of the health problem (74.7%), convenience of access to medicines (71.4%), and reliance on academic knowledge (66.2%). The most used drugs were antimalarials (85.9%), analgesics (82.5%), cold/cough remedies (77.7%), and antibiotics (72.9%). Younger students, undergraduates, those in lower levels, and those perceiving their health as good/very good were more likely to self-medicate (p = 0.020, 0.017, 0.008, 0.002). Conclusions: This study concluded that self-medication is a persistent problem, commonly practiced among university healthcare students, involving the use of various drug classes. Efforts should focus on strengthening and enforcing prescription policies and enlightening students on rational drug use and the dangers of self-medication.
Healthcare, Students, Self-medication, Ilorin, University
Efavirenz-based Treatment Effects on CD4+ Cell Count Changes in People Living with HIV/AIDS: Assessing Heterogeneity and Publication Bias
Background: Efavirenz (EFV)–based regimens have long been integral to antiretroviral therapy (ART). The extent to which EFV contributes to immunologic recovery remains clinically relevant, where EFV is still prescribed. Objective: To quantify CD4+ T-cell count change associated with EFV-based treatment and to assess heterogeneity and publication bias. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from 2000 to Aug 31, 2025, screened per PRISMA 2020, and included randomized or observational studies reporting baseline and follow-up CD4+ counts (or change/SD) for EFV-based arms. Random-effects meta- analysis summarized mean change; heterogeneity (Q, I²), leave-one-out sensitivity, and funnel plots/Egger’s test evaluated robustness and bias. Results: Five studies met criteria. The pooled mean CD4+ increase with EFV-based therapy was 184.5 cells/µL (95% CI 65.1–303.9), with I² = 0%. Sensitivity analyses did not materially alter estimates. Funnel-plot visual inspection showed no clear asymmetry, though power was limited (n = 5). Conclusions: EFV-based ART is associated with a clinically meaningful rise in CD4+ count—exceeding typical first-year gains observed after ART initiation—though precision is limited by the small evidence base. Findings should be interpreted alongside contemporary guidelines that prefer INSTI-based first-line regimens; nonetheless, results inform settings where EFV remains in use or is clinically indicated.
Efavirenz, HIV, Treatment, CD4+ cell, Antiretroviral therapy, AIDS
Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ficus Exasperata (Sandpaper Leaf) onHaematological and Some Inflammatory Markers in Wistar RatsInduced Hypertension
Hypertension is a global health concern associated with cardiovascular diseases. Ficus exasperata has gained popularity as an alternative therapy to manage hypertension due to its perceived safety and availability. This study evaluated some haematological and inflammatory markers of Ficus exasperata leaf extract in salt-induced hypertensive Wistar rats. Twenty Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, salt-induced + Nifedipine, salt-induced + Ficus exasperata leaf extract (200 mg/kg), saltinduced + Ficus exasperata leaf extract (400 mg/kg), and Ficus exasperate leaf extract (600 mg/kg). Hematological parameters were analyzed using a Hematological autoanalyzer (SYSMEX 1000), Albumin was analyzed using Bromocresogreen (BCG), and C-reactive protein was analyzed using the ELISA method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. RBC (Red Blood Cell), PCV (Packed Cell Volume), and Hb (Hemoglobin) significantly increased upon treatment with 200 mg/kg body weight of Ficus exasperata leaf extract + 8% salt compared to control at p<0.05. However, the red cell parameters significantly decreased after administering 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight of Ficus exasperata at p < 0.05. Albumin increased after treatment with 200 mg/kg body weight of Ficus exasperata leaf extract + 8% salt and 600 mg/kg body weight of Ficus exasperata leaf extract compared to control at p<0.05 but decreased after administering 400 mg/kg body weight of Ficus exasperata leaf extract + 8% salt compared to control at p < 0.05. There was no significant difference in WBC (White Blood Cell) and CRP (C-reactive protein) among the groups p > 0.05. Conclusively, Ficus exasperata leaf extract, particularly at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, holds potential as a natural therapy for mitigating salt-induced hypertension and its associated complications.
Gbadebo Maroof Oyeniyi , Ibrahim Munirudeen , Mustapha Abdulrazaq , Tolulope Joseph Ogunniyi , Iqmat Abimbola Abdulsalam
Tetracarpidium Conophorum (African Walnut): A Review ofPharmaceutical Evidence on Cardiac Toxicity
Objectives: Tetracarpidium conophorum, also known as African walnut, is a versatile climbing shrub with medicinal properties. In recent times, it has gained attention for its potential health benefits. This fruit not only promotes overall well-being but also aligns with certain lifestyle factors supported by scientific research. Its positive effects on heart health have been well-documented. Study Approach: A comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted, encompassing studies published from 2017 to 2023. The review specifically investigated the influence of Tetracarpidium conophorum on the cardiovascular system, with a particular emphasis on its potential implications for cardiac toxicity. Findings: Four reports were identified as the most pertinent sources regarding the pharmaceutical evidence of Tetracarpidium conophorum on the cardiovascular system. These reports suggest that Tetracarpidium conophorum has a significant therapeutic effect on cardiac toxicity. Conclusion: Based on the four identified reports, it can be inferred that Tetracarpidium conophorum has the potential to be a valuable ingredient in pharmaceuticals aimed at mitigating cardiac toxicity.
Effect of Chronic Administration of Caffeine on Plasma TestosteroneLevel and Body Mass Index in Male Wistar Rats
Objectives: Caffeine is one of the most frequently ingested pharmacological agents contained in several beverages and food items. With some positive biological effects on the body system, little knowledge is known of its effect on reproductive parameters. This present study therefore aimed to determine the effect of aqueous solution of caffeine on serum testosterone level and body mass index (BMI) in male Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-one (21) male Wistar rats with an average weight of 250 g ± 20g were obtained for this study and randomly grouped into three (3) of seven (7) rats each. Group A, served as the control and received 0.5ml of normal saline while groups B and C served as test groups and received orally 0.38 mg/kg (low dose) and 1.14mg/kg (high dose) of caffeine respectively, once daily for 14 days. Results: There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in body weight, BMI, and plasma testosterone levels of high dose (HD) and low dose (LD) compared to the control, while there was no significant (p>0.05) change in length of the animals compared to the control. Conclusion: Long-time consumption of caffeine has the potential to stimulate the production of testosterone to possibly increase sex drive perhaps via the hypothalamicpituitary-testicular axis, and also increase BMI.
Soliu Ismail , Moyinoluwa Oluwakemi John , Lekan Sheriff Ojulari , Maryam Tayo Ayinla , Adeleke Alade Faramade , Aliu Olayinka Raji , Luqman Aribidesi Olayaki
Ethnomedicinal and Mechanism of Phytochemicals Activities ofPsidium Guajava Linn (Guava) Extracts
Objective: The review focuses on the comprehensive analysis of the medicinal uses of guava (Psidium guajava Linn) and relates it with different scientific investigations into phytochemical constituents present in the plant. Methods: Using search engines such as Wiley, NCBI, Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Intechopen; scientific papers on the plant were searched, by searching for the relevant keywords. Results: Publications reviewed reported that extracts of the Guava plant (Psidium guajava L.) contained phytochemicals that show antioxidant / hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antidiarrhea, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory activities in pharmacological studies, justifying its ethnomedicinal uses. Conclusion: Psidium guajava possesses essential active organic compounds that are viable in biomedical research for therapeutic studies. There should be increasing interest in discovering new bioactive compounds from the plant through more research to harness its potential for the treatment of diseases and serve as the basis for developing new drugs
In-Vitro Variations in Erythrocyte Ageing Among Different Categoriesof Blood Donors Due to Donor-Related Factors
Blood storage lesion is a rapidly growing area of biomedical research which leaves several questions unanswered. This study assessed blood donation frequency, as it affects hematological and biochemical parameters among different categories of blood donors longitudinally over a period of 35 days at 2-6 0C. Ethically approved cross-sectional research involving family (n=30), remunerated donors: mild (n=30), moderate (n=30) and high frequency (n=30). One hundred milliliters (100 mL) of well-mixed blood was transferred into the satellite bag from 450mls of blood from different categories of blood donors. Haemogram, plasma Ferritin, Erythropoietin (EPO), 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, Sodium (Na+ ) and Potassium (K+ ) assessed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of storage were analyzed. This study revealed acceptable normal high values in Haemogram, erythropoietin and ferritin in family donors while Remunerated donors had mild to moderate anemia, high total WBC count, higher platelet count, a very low ferritin content, low red cell indices, high EPO, hypernatremia, hyperkalaemia and high 2, 3. Diphosphoglycerate (2, 3, DPG). Significant iron deficiency anemia and electrolyte imbalance among moderate to high frequent blood donors.
Abiola Samuel Babatunde, Fatai Dayo, Ameenah Ayodeji AbdulRaheem , Rasheed Oladimeji Lambelalere ,
Tajudeen Kolawole Ogunwale , Sulaeman Eleha Ibrahim
The Socioeconomic Burden of Family Caregivers of Patients withEnd-Stage Renal Disease in A Tertiary Hospital in North West,Nigeria: A Mixed Methods Study
Kidney diseases constitute one of the non-communicable diseases with significant global burden. Each year, about 1.7 million people die of kidney-related diseases. Chronic kidney diseases present a significant socio-economic and psychological burden for family members, especially the family caregivers. This study examined the social and economic burdens of family caregivers of patients with end-stage renal diseases, to bring to limelight the burden experienced by caregivers for possible interventions and the needed support. A mixed research method was adopted for the study. Data was collected using the modified Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and in-depth interviews from all 21 consecutive family caregivers. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS 23.0 for the quantitative data and thematic analysis for the IDIs. Results show that respondents suffer a huge socio-economic burden ranging from loss of social life (85.7%) to financial hardship (85.7%). Overall, respondents rate their burden as between moderate to severe range in caring for their sick ones. It is concluded that that caregivers of patients with end-stage renal disease experience a variety of socio-economic burdens in their caring roles, that require support (socially and economically). It is recommended that caregivers be better prepared psychosocially to enable them to cope effectively with the caring role. Health insurance coverage should be made available to cover more cost of managing people with end-stage renal disease to relieve the burden on the caregivers.
Haemopoietic Potentials of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of VernoniaAmygdalina on Haematological Parameters in PhenylhydrazineInduced Anaemic Wistar Rats
Anaemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder in the world; it is defined as a condition by which the haemoglobin content of blood is lower than normal as a result of deficiency of one or more essential nutrients. Objective: This study examined haemopoietic potentials of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on haematological parameters in phenylhydrazine induced albino wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty (30) wistar rats were grouped into five (5) groups of six (6) rats per group. The phenylhydrazine was used to induce anaemia intraperitonially and aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina was administered orally for 14 days at different concentrations of 100 mg/ kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg with Normal and Negative controls). A volume of 5mls of blood sample was collected and analysed for haematological parameters using Haematology Autoanalyzer. Results: The mean and standard deviation of HGB g/dl, PCV %, RBC x 1012/L and WBC x 109 /L of the treated groups were expressed as (8.45 ± 0.54 to 13.20 ± 0.32), (23.50 ± 2.38 to 40.50 ± 4.65), (4.09 ± 0.26 to 7.33 ± 0.76) and (24.90 ± 8.08 to 12.43 ± 1.63) respectively in relation with the control groups which showed significant difference (p<0.05) in their profile when compared with the control groups. Conclusion: It was revealed that the plant possesses erythropoietic properties according to the results of some haematological parameters.
Influence of Socio-Demographic Variables on the Knowledge ofHealth Consequences of HIV/AIDS Among Tertiary School Studentsin Minna, Nigeria
Introduction: Among countries with the highest number of People Living with HIV globally, Nigeria is ranked in the third position. Adequate information about the knowledge of HIV/AIDS is therefore important. This study investigated the influence of socio-demographic variables on the knowledge of health consequences of HIV/AIDS among tertiary school students in Minna. Method: A multi-stage random, sampling technique was used to select 350 students of the College of Education, Minna. Socio-demographic data and knowledge on HIV/AIDS were obtained using self-structured questionnaires, and were analysed using SPSS version 22. Results: 46.3% of students were within the age range of 21-25 years. There was a significant difference in knowledge about the health consequences of HIV/AIDS between male and female students of the College of Education. Conclusion: The students had significant knowledge of the health consequences of HIV/AIDS.
Evaluation of Analytical Performance of Point-of-Care Glucose Monitoring Devices in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Introduction: Point of care Glucose Monitoring devices (POCGMDs) provide rapid monitoring of glycaemic control in an acceptable range for diabetic patients in both the hospital and outpatient environments. Poorly calibrated and validated POCGMDs are unreliable and potentially dangerous and usage should be regulated. This study evaluated the analytical performance of POCGMDs at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria where POCGMDs are commonly used. Materials and Methods: The accuracy and precision of the POCGMDs glucose readings utilized in the specialty clinics with the reference method employed by the Abbott C4000 at the Central Laboratory of the Hospital were compared using the ISO 15197:2003 and ISO 15197:2013 standards. Results: Our results showed that Accu-Check active demonstrated an acceptable precision at all levels for repeatability (CV <5%) and reproducibility precision at higher glucose concentrations (i.e. Level 3) whereas Fine Test Auto-coding demonstrated an acceptable precision (CV < 5%) for both repeatability and reproducibility at level 2 and 3 concentrations and failed both at level 1 compared to the reference method. The Mean glucose value for Accu-Chek showed no statistical difference whereas the Fine test auto-coding device showed a statistically significant increase at P < 0.005 compared with the reference method. The linear regression revealed that the two POCGMDs statistically at p < 0.05 overestimated the glucose concentrations compared to the reference method. Conclusion: This study showed that the two POCGMDs had low precision in comparison to ISO 15197: 2003 and 2013's minimal accuracy requirements, which suggests that their glucose measurement was imprecise. As a result, this study advised employing ISO and ADA criteria for optimal glycaemic control in POCGMDs evaluation and validation to enhance health status.
Domestic Violence Against Women (Case Study: Health Centers inKhartoum)
Violence against women is a global issue that persist in all countries of the world, and the perpetrators of the that the violence are often well known to their victims, up till date government and policy makers see violence against women; or as less priority problem of individual rather than a national problem, this is a case study. This study employed a qualitative approach to data collection. The population of this study consist basically of two folds, purposive selected married women from Khartoum state irrespective of their age, race, ethnicity, race tribe and religion basically to ensure there is no bias in selecting the women who faced violence and to gain access to most of the married women, and randomly selected health centers. Objectives of the study investigated the domestic violence against women, investigate to impact of Domestic violence on women, investigate the skills and knowledge of the health workers in identifying physically violated women, and to identify the factor contributing to violence against women and to evaluate the response of Women to violence against them. The questionnaire was developed by adapting the questionnaire used in the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against woman. The findings from the study underscored the immerse difficulties that women suffering domestic violence face in seeking and obtaining help. The study found that a substantial proportion of in violent relationships do not tell other about the violence they are facing or seek help. Indeed, for many women interviewed, the study was the first instance in which they had told anyone about their partner’s violence towards them. The findings and conclusion from this study showed that, women still lack considered as personal issues and never intend to seek help from appropriate channels.
Evaluation of Food Handling Practices Before, During and AfterPreparation Among Food Vendors in Ilorin Kwara State
Food is an important basic necessity that provides nutrient and energy for growth and development of humans. Food handlers play a crucial role in ensuring food hygiene as well as the transmission of food poisoning. This study was aimed at assessing knowledge, practices of food handling and identify the associated factors for safe food handling among selected food handlers in GRA Ilorin. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out on 191 food handlers that met the inclusion criteria. Data was collected using a pre tested questionnaires with the aid of research assistants and analyzed using SPSS version 28.0. The majority of food handlers were aged 25 to 35 years. 85% of food handlers had acceptable knowledge about food hygiene but good practice was practiced by very few handlers. 50.3% did not keep the work surface clean and disinfected, 25.7% dried dishes with their aprons, 47.1% cooked meat for 45 minutes, 39.8% did not wash vegetables before cooking, 48.7% had long nails and 40.3% continue to work even though they had an infectious disease like flue. The knowledge and attitude about food hygiene was good amongst food handlers but the practice of food hygiene was only fair. Direct observation of hygiene practices observation amongst these handlers revealed that most of them dried their hands with their aprons after washing them. The responsible authority should therefore continuously inspect these restaurants and set up safety precautions to protect the public.
Determinant Factors for Preference of Catfish as Better ProteinSource for Middle Aged Nigerian Residents in Ilorin, Kwara State
Nourishment is a physiological peculiarity that plays a huge part in giving the energy expected to proceeded with metabolic working in the body. This study assessed the sources, reasons and preference of catfish as better protein source of catfish for consumption among middle aged Nigerian residents of Ilorin, Kwara State. The instrument was a self-structured questionnaire with a co-effective of 0.89 utilizing a test re-test technique. All theories were tried at 0.05 alpha level. The study reveals that the utilization of catfish among moderately aged Nigerian occupants of Ilorin, Kwara State was high; the level of the explanations behind consuming catfish among moderately aged Nigerian inhabitants of Ilorin, Kwara State was high; the degree of inclination of catfish as better protein source among moderately aged Nigerian inhabitants of Ilorin, Kwara State was high the information on catfish as better protein source affect the inclination of the moderately aged Nigerian occupants of Ilorin, Kwara State. Based on the above, it is hereby recommended that seminars should be given to elderly people in the society on the importance of catfish as better protein source in Ilorin and market women should also encourage wives to buy and cook catfish meals for their families and most especially, their husbands if he is within 35years and 55years.
Unmet Needs for Family Planning Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ogbomoso Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria
Background: An estimated 17% of married women in the developing world have an unmet need for contraception. Understanding the magnitude of unmet contraceptive need and the underlying reasons of this phenomenon will help to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies as well as reducing the menace of increase maternal mortality rate worldwide, most especially in the developing world, Objective: To assess the extent of unmet need for family planning among women in the reproductive age group (i.e., 15-49 years) within Ogbomoso Metropolis and to explore the common reasons for unmet need for family planning. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Ogbomoso Metropolis. The study subjects consisted of all married women in the age group of 15-49 years. Women who were divorced, widows, those who refused to participate were excluded from the study. Result: It was observed that out of 400 respondents, 373(93.2%) had knowledge of contraceptive method and it was obtained mainly from health workers (93.8%). Less than half 169 (42.2%) were currently using contraceptives out of which most of them are using injectables (41.5%) followed by IUCD (28.0%). Unmet need for family planning was present in 41.7% among all women under study; 25.7% women revealed unmet need for spacing and 16.0% women unmet need for limiting. A statistically significant association was found between religion, literacy and discussion with spouse about contraception (P<0.05). Husband's approval of contraception had a statistically significant protective association with unmet need (p=0.003), and discussion about family planning within the couple had a highly statistically significant protective association with unmet need (p=0.001). The major reason for non-use of contraception among women with unmet need was the fear of side effects. Conclusion: The prevalence of unmet need of family planning among women in Ogbomoso is high. Husband's approval of contraception and couples' discussion about family planning are two major factors to be considered when planning interventions to reduce unmet need for family planning.