AL-HIKMAH JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES (AJOHS)
Al-Hikmah Journal of Health Sciences (AJOHS) is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal that is published biannually by The Faculty of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University Ilorin, Nigeria. Manuscripts Submission Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged. The text, tables, and figures should be included in a single Microsoft Word file (preferably in Times Roman font).
Evaluation of Workplace Challenges Among Nurses in the Emergency Department of General Hospital Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
Background: Emergency department (ED) nurses in resource-limited settings face workplace challenges that threaten care quality. A comprehensive understanding of these issues in Nigerian EDs is essential for developing context-specific interventions. Objective: This study evaluated the knowledge, perceptions, contributing factors, and coping strategies regarding workplace challenges among ED nurses at General Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was used. All ED nurses (n=31) completed validated questionnaires, and eight in-depth interviews were conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed via descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation (SPSS v.26); interviews provided thematic insights. Results: Participants were predominantly female (74.2%) and experienced. Quantitative findings showed high awareness of challenges (85%), notably overcrowding (95.16%) and violence (90.96%). No significant correlations existed between knowledge (r=0.296, p=0.106) or perception (r=0.204, p=0.272) and work output. Qualitatively, understaffing (76.1% quantitative; 100% qualitative) emerged as the core systemic challenge undermining standard care. While overcrowding was attributed to patient volume, interviews revealed a "hospital flow problem" causing ED bottlenecks. Constant verbal threats required "hyper-vigilance," shifting coping strategies from individual "survival" to advocacy for institutional solutions like improved salary scales, soft loans, and health insurance. Conclusion: Despite high awareness, systemic understaffing remains a critical bottleneck. The dissonance between work output and emotional drain indicates an unsustainable reliance on personal resilience, requiring urgent institutional intervention.
Emergency-Nursing, Workplace Challenges, Mixed Method
Copyright (c) 2026 AL-HIKMAH JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES (AJOHS)
Sleep Deprivation Aggravates Placental Oxidative Status and Alters Haematological Variables in Pregnant Wistar Rats
Background: Prenatal sleep deprivation is associated with increased risk for preterm delivery and complications, partly due to a burst in oxidative stress from increased placental mitochondrial activity and establishment of intervillous circulation. Studies linking this relationship are limited. Hence, we evaluated how maternal sleep deprivation affects placental stress and haematology in Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty pregnant Wistar rats (180g-200g) were assigned to six groups (n=5): control and sleep-deprived (SD) subgroups across three Gestational periods/days (GD1-7, GD8-14, and GD15-21). Sleep deprivation was induced by the multiple platform technique (20h/day for 7 days). The dams were euthanized on GD7, 14, and 21, respectively, after which the placentas were excised for biochemical studies and blood was collected for haematological analysis. Results: Haemoglobin level decreased significantly at GD15-21, while WBC increased at GD8-14 and GD15-2, with concomitant increase in platelets at GD15-21 in the SD group. Lymphocytes increased at GD1-7, whereas monocytes exhibited trimester-specific variation in SD rats, decreasing at GD1-7 and increasing at GD15-21. Eosinophils decreased at GD15-21 in the SD. Placental SOD activity decreased at GD1-7, while MDA levels increased at GD1-7 and GD15-21 in SD, with no significant difference in catalase concentrations. Conclusion: Maternal sleep deprivation worsens oxidative stress and impairs haematological functions. This may adversely affect the mother and fetal health, with the potential to epigenetically programme the fetus for increased susceptibility to chronic diseases later in life.
Copyright (c) 2025 AL-HIKMAH JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES (AJOHS)
Toxicological and Biochemical Assessment of Aqueous Chromolaena odorata (Siam Weed) Extract on Hepatorenal Function in Wistar Rats
Objective: This study investigated the hepatorenal function of the aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The study employed a control experimental design with 29 healthy male Wistar rats weighing 120±20 g. After one week of acclimatization, the test groups were given aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leaf in addition to a normal diet for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed via heart puncture, and the blood was collected into a plain bottle for biochemical analysis. Urea was estimated by Berthelot's method, while creatinine was estimated by Jaffe's reaction method. Liver enzyme activities were assessed using the colorimetric method, while the Jendrassik-Groff, Bromocresol Green, and Biuret methods were used to measure bilirubin, albumin, and total protein, respectively. Results: The biochemical results showed significantly (p<0.05) lower levels of total protein and albumin and increased levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and liver enzyme activities with an increase in concentrations of the aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata. Conclusion: This study showed that the aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata significantly alters the renal and hepatic profiles, suggesting that it may have adverse effects on kidney and liver function, especially at higher concentrations. Thus, the toxicological effect of the extract is dose-dependent
Chromolaena odorata; Hepatic Profile; Renal Profile; Wistar Rat
Copyright (c) 2023 AL-HIKMAH JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES (AJOHS)
Psychological Effects of Tinnitus and the Efficacy of CBT and Relaxation Training: A Pilot Multiple-Case Study in Nigeria
Background: Tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source, significantly impacts psychological well-being, yet it remains understudied in Nigeria. Methods: This pilot multiple-case study explored the nature of these psychological effects, including irrational thoughts, intrusiveness, insomnia, and suicidal ideation, and evaluated the impact of a 10 week psychological intervention combining Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and relaxation training in five Nigerian patients (three females, two males; M age = 45.2 years). Using a mixed methods approach, data were collected via the Tinnitus Effects Questionnaire (TEQ), audiological assessments, and semi-structured interviews. While the small sample size (n=5) limits generalizability, inferential statistics are reported here as exploratory trends. Results: Results showed significant reductions in irrational thoughts (p = .018), intrusiveness (p = .015), and suicidal ideation (p = .026), with moderate improvements in insomnia (p = .071). Conclusion: Qualitative findings highlighted reduced distress and improved coping through education and group therapy. Recommendations include adopting culturally sensitive education and noise reduction strategies to enhance tinnitus management in Nigeria, while exploring digital interventions for future scalability.
Tinnitus, psychological intervention, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, relaxation training, Nigeria, mixed-methods
Comparative Efficacy of Widex Zen Therapy versus Tinnitus Retraining Therapy on Speech-in-Noise Performance and Psychological Well-Being in Nigerian Adults with Chronic Tinnitus
Objective: This randomised controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of Widex Zen Therapy (WZT) versus Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) in improving auditory performance and psychological well-being among adults with chronic tinnitus in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods: Sixty participants (aged 18–65 years) with subjective tinnitus were randomised to receive either WZT, which combines hearing-aid amplification, fractal tone sound enrichment, counselling, and relaxation exercises or standard TRT, involving directive counselling and broadband sound enrichment. Primary outcomes were changes in speech-in-noise performance (Hearing-in-Noise Test SNR threshold) and mental well-being (WHO-5 Well-Being Index), measured at baseline and six months. Baseline self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale) and age were also recorded and tested as moderators. Data were analysed using ANCOVA, controlling for baseline scores. Results: After adjustment for baseline values, the WZT group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in speech-in-noise thresholds (adjusted means: 2.6 dB) than the TRT group (4.1 dB), F(1, 56) = 8.92, p = .004, η² = .14. Well-being gains were also larger in WZT (WHO-5 = 18.2) compared with TRT (14.6), F(1, 56) = 12.47, p = .001, η² = .18. Significant Group × Age and Group × Self-Efficacy interactions indicated that younger participants experienced the greatest auditory benefits (F(1, 56) = 5.14, p = .027, η² = .08), and those with higher baseline self-efficacy showed the largest well-being gains (F(1, 56) = 6.53, p = .013, η² = .10). Conclusions: Widex Zen Therapy yields superior improvements in both auditory function and psychological well-being compared with conventional TRT, particularly among younger and more self-efficacious patients. These findings support the implementation of multi-component sound therapy in tinnitus management.
Tinnitus, sound therapy, Widex Zen Therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, auditory performance, psychological well‑being
Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Carcinogenic Agrochemicals Among Farmers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
Background: Farmers are at high risk of occupational exposure to carcinogens found in agrochemicals, which are linked to hematological cancers. In Nigeria, particularly in Ilorin Metropolis, there is a paucity of localized data on exposure levels and associated health risks. Objective: To assess the level of occupational exposure to carcinogens in agrochemicals among farmers in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 343 farmers using a structured, interviewer-administered electronic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, employing descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and ANOVA to examine agrochemical usage, safety practices, exposure levels, and associated health outcomes. Results: The study revealed widespread use of agrochemicals classified as known or suspected carcinogens, including glyphosate (9.33%), 2,4-D (16.91%), and malathion (12.83%). Regression analysis identified significant associations with carcinogenic agrochemicals (p = 0.011). Although 71.14% reported consistent use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and 65.89% had safety training, 41.11% experienced symptoms such as skin irritation (29.74%) and respiratory issues (26.82%). ANOVA showed PPE significantly reduced exposure (p < 0.05). However, regression indicated that most farmers were not at significant exposure levels due to protective measures. All respondents expressed interest in safety training. Conclusion: Farmers in Ilorin face moderate to high exposure to known carcinogens, mitigated by existing safety practices. Persistent gaps in knowledge and practice necessitate enhanced regulatory enforcement, affordable PPE provision, and sustained farmer education.
Awareness and Knowledge of Zakat in Healthcare Accessibility in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria
Introduction: This study assesses the awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practice of Zakat as a mechanism for healthcare financing among adults in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Aim: This study assesses the awareness, knowledge, and practices of Zakat in healthcare access and financing among adults in Ilorin West Local Government Area. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using a structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to collect data from 384 respondents selected through multistage sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative responses. Results: The results revealed that only 49.5% of respondents were aware that Zakat could be used to finance healthcare, while 50.5% were unaware. Knowledge of Zakat’s technical aspects was limited: just 41.6% knew the obligatory Zakat rate (2.5%), and only 45.3% understood the eligibility criteria (nisab). Although 54.6% supported using Zakat to cover hospital bills for the poor, and 39% had donated Zakat for health-related causes. Key barriers included lack of awareness (58.6%), difficulty in accessing funds (65.8%), and cultural stigma (40.3%). Respondents expressed strong support for institutional reforms, such as digitizing Zakat management (46.8%) and integrating health professionals into Zakat committees (49.4%). Conclusion: The study concludes that while there is moderate support for Zakat’s role in healthcare financing, significant gaps in awareness, knowledge, and practice hinder its effective utilization.
Quality of Healthcare Services on the Health Outcomes of Postpartum Women in Health Institutions Within Ilorin Metropolis
Background: Postpartum care is a critical yet often neglected aspect of maternal healthcare in Nigeria. Financial, cultural, and institutional barriers limit access to quality services, contributing to preventable maternal morbidity and mortality. Aim and Objectives: This study assessed the influence of healthcare service quality on postpartum health outcomes among women in Ilorin Metropolis. It examined women’s satisfaction with postpartum care, the relationship between care quality and physical and emotional health outcomes, and the impact of care quality on maternal-newborn practices. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving 343 postpartum women attending public and private health facilities across Ilorin West, East, and South Local Government Areas. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Results: The Chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between facility type and perceived quality of postpartum care χ² (df= 1, p = .000) which indicates that the quality of care received by postpartum women varies by the type of health facility. Women in private facilities reported higher satisfaction with skilled providers, respectful treatment, and privacy. Quality of care was significantly associated with maternal–newborn practices χ² (df= 2, p = .000), including early breastfeeding, immunization adherence, and postnatal follow-up. Conclusion: Healthcare facility type and quality strongly influence postpartum outcomes. Improving standards in public facilities is essential to enhance maternal and infant health.
Perception, Awareness and Attitude of Caregivers of Under-Five-Year-Old Children Towards Social Determinants on HealthOutcomes in Ilorin South Local Government
Background: Child health outcomes are significantly affected by social determinants, including socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, nutrition, environmental conditions and social support. Caregivers' perceptions, awareness and attitudes toward these factors play a crucial role in decision-making for children under five. However, empirical evidence from contexts like Ilorin South Local Government Area (LGA) remains scarce. Objective: This study aims to assess the impact of selected social determinants on health outcomes among children under five and to explore how caregivers’ perceptions and attitudes relate to these determinants. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative design was utilized, administering structured questionnaires to 343 caregivers of children under five years. Analyzing 309 valid responses (response rate: 90.1%), we gathered data on caregivers’ socioeconomic characteristics, awareness of social determinants and attitudes toward health practices. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to assess associations. Results: Significant associations were found between socioeconomic status, healthcare access, nutrition and environmental conditions with child health outcomes. Caregivers exhibiting higher awareness and positive attitudes towards these determinants reported better health outcomes for their children. Conclusion: This study highlights the essential role of social determinants in child health, emphasizing the need for enhanced caregiver education and community-based interventions in Ilorin South LGA.
Uptake and Practice of Traditional Birth Control Methods Among Women of Childbearing Age in Shao Community, Kwara State
Background: Traditional birth control methods are often preferred because they are perceived as natural and are readily accessible within the community. However, the efficacy of these methods varies, and there is limited scientific evidence to support their effectiveness compared to modern contraceptives. This study, therefore, examined the uptake and practice of traditional birth control methods among women of childbearing age in Shao Community, Kwara State. Methods: This study adopted survey research design. The study population comprised of all residents in Shao Community of Moro L.G.A. of Kwara State, Nigeria. Using Cochran's formula, a total of 250 respondents selected using the simple random sampling techniques was used for this study. Data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed that; the extent of uptake of traditional birth control methods among women of childbearing age in Shao Community is moderately high (73.6%), as women are aware, accept, and decide to adopt these methods; the types of traditional birth control methods commonly used in Shao Community include herbal and medicinal methods such as herbal remedies, traditional concoctions, local herbs, and the knowledge of traditional healers; also, the level of practice of traditional birth control methods among women in Shao Community is moderate (52.6%). Conclusion: While traditional birth control methods, particularly herbal infusions, are commonly used and culturally accepted in the Shao Community of Moro L.G.A., their uptake and practice are generally lower compared to modern contraceptive methods.
Maternal Infections and Neonatal Sepsis: A Cross-Sectional Study at General Hospital Ilorin
Background: Neonatal sepsis remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria, with maternal infections recognized as predisposing factors, particularly in resource-limited secondary healthcare settings. Objective: This study assessed the association between maternal infections and neonatal sepsis occurrence at General Hospital, Ilorin. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 352 postnatal mothers and 100 healthcare providers between May and July 2025 using structured questionnaires. Neonatal sepsis status was determined primarily from questionnaire responses, based on mothers’ report of a clinician-confirmed diagnosis documented during facility care. Laboratory confirmation was not consistently available. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. A secondary provider component (100 healthcare providers) was included to contextualize maternal findings and identify modifiable facility-level barriers relevant to prevention strategies. Descriptive statistics, chi square tests and logistic regression examined associations at a 5% level of significance. Results: Neonatal sepsis prevalence was 28.6% among neonates born to mothers with infections compared with 14.2% among those without infections. Urinary tract infections (27.7%) and sexually transmitted infections (40.0%) were significantly associated with neonatal sepsis. Risk factors included prolonged rupture of membranes, intrapartum fever, and poor antenatal care attendance. Neonatal sepsis was linked with high morbidity and a 5.9% case fatality rate. Conclusion: Maternal infections was significantly associated with the increased risk of neonatal sepsis at General Hospital, Ilorin. Strengthening antenatal care, routine screening and treatment, and improved infection prevention practices are essential to reducing neonatal sepsis and associated mortality.
Neonatal sepsis; maternal infections; antenatal care; risk factors; Nigeria
Knowledge, Prevalence and Risk Factors of Obesity Among Undergraduate Students in Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State
Background: Obesity is a major global public health challenge, with a rapidly increasing prevalence among young adults in Nigeria. This increase is largely attributed to unhealthy dietary practices, sedentary lifestyles, and inadequate knowledge of obesity-related risks. This study assessed obesity-related knowledge, determined the prevalence of obesity, identified associated risk factors, and examined awareness of obesity-related health problems among undergraduate students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed among full-time undergraduates enrolled during the 2024/2025 academic session. Using Cochran’s formula, 300 respondents were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, and mean scores. Results: Findings showed a moderate overall level of obesity knowledge among respondents (52%). The prevalence of obesity was high, with 13.3% classified as obese and 62.0% as overweight, resulting in a combined prevalence of 75.3%, exceeding national averages. Significant risk factors included frequent fast-food consumption, low intake of fruits and vegetables, inadequate physical activity, and family history of obesity. Approximately 96% of participants were aware of obesity-related health problems. Conclusion: Obesity among undergraduates is influenced by lifestyle, environmental, and hereditary factors
Keywords: Obesity, Prevalence, Knowledge, Risk Factors, Undergraduate Students
Knowledge and Utilisation of Maternal and Child Health Services Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State
Background: Maternal and child health (MCH) services remain critical for reducing preventable morbidity and mortality among reproductive women in Nigeria. However, utilisation of these services varies across communities. This study assessed the knowledge and utilisation of maternal and child health services among women of reproductive age in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 women aged 15–49 years selected using a multistage-sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested, self-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were computed and data were presented using frequencies and percentages. Results: Knowledge of key MCH services was generally high, with majority of respondents aware of maternal care, and child-health services. Utilisation of maternal health services showed that 70.4% attended antenatal care, 64.4% utilised delivery services, and 62.4% attended postnatal care. 67.6% utilised immunisation services, while 90.8% participated in health education sessions. Major barriers to utilisation included distance to health facilities, transportation, cost of services, negative attitudes of health workers, and cultural or religious beliefs. Conclusion: Although knowledge and utilisation of MCH services were relatively high, persistent structural and socio-cultural barriers limit optimal uptake. Strengthening service accessibility, affordability, and quality of care is essential for improving maternal and child health outcomes.
Impact of Environmental Health on the Prevalence of Malaria in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
Background: Environmental health plays a critical role in the transmission dynamics of malaria. Factors such as poor waste management, inadequate drainage systems, and the presence of stagnant water bodies create ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, thereby increasing the risk of malaria transmission. This study examines the impact of environmental health on the prevalence of malaria in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Methods: This study adopted a survey research design. The study population comprised of all sample of residents in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. Using Cochran's formula, a total of 250 respondents were selected using the multistage sampling techniques, was used for this study. Data collected was analysed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study revealed a high malaria prevalence (78.56%) in Ilorin Metropolis, linked to poor drainage, waste disposal, sanitation, and water quality. Housing quality, sanitation practices, waste management, access to clean water, and vector control were found to significantly impact malaria prevalence, with most homes moderately built and residents practicing effective waste and vector control measures. Conclusion: The study concluded that improving environmental health conditions, particularly waste management, sanitation, housing quality, and water supply, is crucial in controlling malaria in Ilorin Metropolis.
Factors Influencing the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Nursing Mothers Attending Public Health Facilities in Ilorin Metropolis
Background: Despite several efforts by UNICEF and WHO to promote EBF, the prevalence in Nigeria remains low. Although EBF is acknowledged as the most effective way to reduce infant morbidity and mortality, social and occupational factors continue to influence its usage. Objective: This study assessed the variables influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices among nursing mothers attending public health facilities in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to select 413 nursing mothers with children aged 0 to 24 months from public health facilities in Ilorin metropolis using a multistage sampling technique. A standardized self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data, and SPSS version 23 was used for analysis. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed at a 5% significance level, and descriptive statistics were employed. Results: Although 94.9% of mothers were aware of exclusive breastfeeding, only 79.2% actually practiced it. EBF practice was substantially correlated with maternal employment level (p = 0.009), cultural or religious views (p = 0.033), and awareness and understanding of EBF (p 0.001). Conclusion: Despite widespread awareness, exclusive breastfeeding practice is still low to its full potential. It is advised to provide workplace assistance, culturally responsive interventions, and enhanced health education.
Knowledge, Attitude and Perception Towards Human Papillomavirus and Vaccination Among Female Undergraduate Students in Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and the leading cause of cervical cancer worldwide. Despite high cervical cancer mortality in Nigeria, knowledge about HPV and vaccination remains inadequate, particularly among university students who are at increased risk due to sexual behaviors and misconceptions. Objective: To evaluate HPV knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions among female undergraduates at Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 395 female undergraduate students using multistage sampling. Data were collected via structured, self-administered questionnaires. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 20, and the Relative Importance Index (RII) was used to assess knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions. Results: HPV awareness was high (82.8%), with 85.3% linking it to cervical cancer. However, only 14.9% correctly identified HPV as incurable, versus 60.3% believing it was curable. Vaccination acceptance was high (81.0%). Faculty differences were significant (χ² = 42.18, p<0.001): Health Sciences students showed the best knowledge (54.4%), Natural Sciences the poorest (23.3% poor knowledge). Conclusion: High vaccination acceptance coexists with critical knowledge deficits regarding curability and male health impacts. Educational interventions must address these gaps.
Knowledge of Hepatitis B Infection and Perception of Vaccination Among Undergraduate Students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
Background: Hepatitis B infection is a major public health problem globally; the leading aetiology of cirrhosis and liver cancer; of which economic impact is particularly significant in developing countries like Nigeria. Yet, the uptake of full doses of vaccine is low especially among students of tertiary institutions. Objective: Aim of this study was to assess HBV infection knowledge status of undergraduate students of Al-Hikmah University and their perception to vaccination. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study among 202 undergraduate students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin, selected through simple random techniques. Quantitative method was adopted using adopted, self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Cumulatively, 65.2% of the participants had good knowledge of HBV infection. 83.2% knew at least one or more route of HBV transmission. 83.7% knew at least one or more complications of HBV disease. Only 10.4% had taken at least one dose of HBV vaccine with just 7.4% had taken complete doses of HBV vaccine. No statistical association exists between knowledge of HBV infection and uptake of vaccine. Conclusion: This study shows an urgent need for intervention targeted at raising awareness about HBV vaccine and its uptake among undergraduate students.
Factors Influencing Contraceptive Misuse Among Undergraduates in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Ilorin, Kwara State
Background: Contraceptive misuse among undergraduates contributes to unintended pregnancies and adverse reproductive health outcomes. Despite awareness efforts, misuse persists among students in Ilorin, Kwara State, largely due to misinformation and fear of side effects. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 275 undergraduates selected through multistage sampling from Al-Hikmah University, Kwara State Polytechnic, and Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire assessing contraceptive knowledge, awareness, patterns of use and misuse, socio-cultural and economic factors, and exposure to misinformation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square (χ²) tests at a 5% level of significance. Results: Awareness of contraceptives was reported by 70.9% of respondents, with condoms being the most commonly known method (86.5%). About 50.9% had used contraceptives, but misuse was prevalent, including inconsistent use and over-reliance on emergency contraceptives. Significant associations were observed between contraceptive misuse and knowledge/awareness (χ² = 14.72, p < 0.05), as well as misinformation and fear of side effects (χ² = 36.0, p < 0.05). Socio-cultural and economic factors were not significantly associated with misuse. Conclusion: Contraceptive misuse among undergraduates is strongly influenced by inadequate knowledge and misinformation. Integrating comprehensive contraceptive education into tertiary institutions is recommended.
Contraceptive misuse, knowledge, misinformation, fear of side effects, undergraduates.
Social Determinants of Reproductive Health Outcomes AmongWomen of Child-Bearing Age in Ilorin West Local Government Area,Kwara State, Nigeria
Background: Reproductive health outcomes among women of childbearing age are influenced by multiple social determinants. This study examined the associations between social factors and reproductive health outcomes among women of childbearing age. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed. Using multistage sampling, 398 women of childbearing age were selected from five randomly selected wards in Ilorin West LGA. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages) and chi-square tests of association were used for data analysis at α = 0.05 significance level. Results: The study revealed that 72.9% (n=290) of respondents reported positive associations between reproductive health services and health outcomes. Income level showed the strongest association (92.0%, n=366), followed by education level (71.3%, n=284), age (55.2%, n=220), and marital status (54.8%, n=218). Chi-square analysis revealed a statistically significant association between reproductive health service access and health outcomes among women of childbearing age (χ² = 201.219, df = 12, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Income level and education are the most significant social factors associated with reproductive health outcomes among women of childbearing age in Ilorin West LGA.
Prevalence and Determinants of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Among Commercial Motorcycle Riders in Ilorin Metropolis
Background: Commercial motorcycle riding (Okada) is a major source of livelihood and urban mobility in Nigeria, yet it exposes riders to significant occupational health risks. Objective: This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of occupational injuries and illnesses among commercial motorcycle riders in Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 364 riders selected through multistage sampling across Ilorin East, West, and South Local Government Areas. Data were collected using structured questionnaires Descriptive statistics, one-sample proportion tests, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 25, with statistical significance set at p< 0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of occupational injuries and illnesses was 71%. Frequently reported conditions included and physical injuries (60.2%) and musculoskeletal pain (34.0%). Older age and years of riding experience, were significantly associated with injury or illness occurrence (p < 0.05). Poor road conditions, lack of protective gear, and long working hours were major contributing factors. Conclusion: The study concludes that commercial motorcycle riders in Ilorin are at risk due to inadequate safety practices and poor infrastructural conditions. Strengthening safety regulations enforcement, and improved road infrastructure, to enhance occupational health and safety outcomes.
Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Family Planning Among In-School Teenagers in Adewole Ilorin, Kwara State
Background: Adolescents constitute a key population in reproductive health interventions but remain highly vulnerable to unintended pregnancies, misinformation, and unsafe sexual practices. This study assessed the perceived benefits and barriers of family planning among in-school teenagers in Adewole, Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State, to inform adolescent-focused reproductive health programming. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 275 in-school teenagers aged 13–19 years selected from three secondary schools in Adewole using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests at a 5% level of significance. Results: Overall awareness of family planning was low (41.8%). Schools (65.8%) and the media (21.8%) were the primary sources of information, while healthcare providers contributed minimally (1.5%). Although respondents generally acknowledged the benefits of family planning, utilization remained poor; only 16.7% had ever used any contraceptive method and 18.5% knew where services could be accessed. A statistically significant association was found between awareness of family planning and willingness to use contraceptive methods (χ² = 42.35, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite positive perceptions of family planning benefits, in-school teenagers in Adewole face substantial socio-cultural and access-related barriers that limit utilization. Strengthening school-based sexuality education and expanding adolescent-friendly health services are strongly recommended.
Family planning, Perceived benefits,Perceived barriers , Kwara State.
Determinants of Risky Sexual Behaviors Associated With HIV/AIDS Among Undergraduate Students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State
Background: HIV/AIDS remains a major public health challenge in sub- Saharan Africa, with young adults and university students being particularly vulnerable due to engagement in risky sexual behaviors (RSBs). Despite increased awareness of HIV transmission and prevention, unsafe sexual practices persist among undergraduates. Objective: The study assessed the prevalence and perceived determinants of risky sexual behaviors associated with HIV/AIDS among undergraduate students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State. Methods: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design among 400 undergraduate students selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured, pretested, self-administered online questionnaire. Analysis was limited to descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) using SPSS version 25. Results: Most respondents (88.0%) reported being sexually active. Although over 90% demonstrated good knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention, risky sexual behaviors were prevalent. Perceived determinants of risky sexual behaviors, reported as descriptive frequencies, included economic hardship (29.5%), curiosity and peer influence (22.3%), substance use (17.5%), and media influence (17.0%). Conclusion: Risky sexual behaviors remain prevalent among undergraduates despite high levels of HIV awareness. Comprehensive campus-based interventions that address socio-economic factors, provide sexuality education, and strengthen counseling services are essential to reduce HIV risk among university students.
HIV/AIDS; risky sexual behavior; undergraduates; determinants; Nigeria
Awareness, Attitudes, and Menstrual Hygiene Practices Among In-School Secondary School Students in Ilorin West Local GovernmentArea, Kwara State
Background: Menstrual hygiene management is an important public health issue affecting the health, education, and well-being of adolescent girls. This study addresses the lack of local data on MHM among secondary school students in Ilorin West, Kwara State, Nigeria. Objective: To assess adolescents’ awareness and knowledge of menstruation, attitudes and perceptions toward menstruation, menstrual hygiene practices, and challenges faced in managing menstruation at school. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional quantitative survey design was adopted, involving 400 female students selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26, employing descriptive statistics. Results: The study found a high level of pre-menarcheal awareness (85.3%) and good knowledge of MHM (over 60%). However, negative attitudes, including shame and embarrassment, were widely reported. Disposable sanitary pads were the most common material (70%), but a majority (60.8%) reported changing materials infrequently (1 time per day). Crucially, significant school-based infrastructural deficits—including a lack of access to water and soap (36.5%), and clean toilet (31.7%)—were identified as major barriers which caused absenteeism (53.8%) among the female students. Consequently, over half of the respondents (53.8%) reported missing school during menstruation. Conclusion: Although awareness of menstruation is relatively high, menstrual hygiene management among secondary school girls in Ilorin West is limited by stigma, negative attitudes, and poor school WASH facilities. Improving menstrual health education, access to affordable sanitary products, and gender-sensitive WASH infrastructure is essential.
Keywords: Menstrual hygiene management, awareness, attitudes, practices, adolescent girls, Ilorin West.
Assessment of Insecticide-Treated Nets Utilization and Perceived Effectiveness in Reducing Malaria Prevalence Among CommunityMembers in Ilorin Metropolis
Background: Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria despite widespread distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Objective: This study assessed the availability, utilization, perceived effectiveness, and barriers to the use of insecticide-treated nets among community members in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Four hundred respondents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests at p < 0.05. Results: ITN ownership was reported by 37.5% of respondents, while only 35.0% slept under an ITN the night preceding the survey. Although 70.0% perceived ITNs as effective, 42.5% reported self-reported malaria episodes despite ITN use. Heat, discomfort, and inadequate household coverage were the most commonly reported barriers. Conclusion: ITN utilization in Ilorin Metropolis remains suboptimal despite moderate awareness. Addressing behavioral and household-level barriers is essential for improving malaria prevention outcomes.
Insecticide-treated Nets, Utilization, Ilorin
Assessment of the Perception of Community Members Regarding Street Dumping of Waste and Its Health Impact in Ilorin Metropolis
Background: Street dumping of waste remains a major environmental and public health concern in urban areas of developing countries, particularly in Nigeria. Main objective: This study assessed the perception of community members regarding street dumping of waste and its health impacts in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State. Methods: Using a multistage sampling technique, 204 residents from the three Local Government Areas (Ilorin West, Ilorin East, and Ilorin South) participated in a descriptive cross-sectional survey. Structured questionnaires were used to gather data, and binary logistic regression, chi-square tests, and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: Findings revealed that over 90% respondents were aware of the negative consequences of street dumping on public health and the environment. Age, education, marital status, and occupation showed significant associations with awareness (p < 0.05). The major factors influencing street dumping include lack of access to waste bins (AOR=14.27, C.I=3.89, p < 0.001), convenience (AOR=0.79, C.I=2.27, P<0.001) and absence of municipal waste collection services (AOR=5.55, C.I=1.01, p = 0.048). Conclusion: Despite high awareness of health and environmental risks, street dumping persists due to infrastructural limitations and weak enforcement mechanisms in Ilorin metropolis.
Comparative Analysis of Household Food Insecurity and Its Effects Among Household with Children in Ilorin Metropolis
Background: Household food insecurity remains a major public health concern in Nigeria and nation’s wide, despite the country’s substantial agricultural potential. Many households continue to experience limited access to adequate and nutritious food, with possible implications for children’s wellbeing. Objectives: This study examined the prevalence of household food insecurity and its associated factors among households with children in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State. Methods: A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study population comprised parents in Ilorin Metropolis. A total of 390 respondents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Mean score ranking and inferential statistics, including Chi-square, multiple regression, and ANOVA, were used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses. Results: Findings revealed a high prevalence of household food insecurity among households with children across the LGAs in Ilorin Metropolis, with higher severity observed in Ilorin West LGA. Socio-economic factors such as income level, employment status, and food prices were found to significantly influence household food security. Conclusion: Household food insecurity remains prevalent in Ilorin Metropolis and is strongly influenced by socio-economic conditions. Addressing income-related constraints, unemployment, and rising food prices through targeted job creation and vocational training programmes may improve household food security among families with children.
Analysis, Household, Food Insecurity, Nutritional Status, Children
Perceived Roles of Routine Immunization in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality Among Under-Five Children in Ilorin South LGA, Kwara State
Background: Immunization is a cost-effective and widely recognized public health intervention, capable of preventing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and potentially reducing morbidity and mortality in children. Parents’ perceptions of immunization can influence its uptake and effectiveness. Objectives: This study examined the perceived role of routine immunization in reducing morbidity and mortality among under-five children in Ilorin South LGA, Kwara State. Methodology: A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population comprised parents of under-five children residing in Ilorin South LGA. A total of 413 respondents were sampled using a structured questionnaire, validated by three experts and tested for reliability (r = 0.88). Data were collected by the researcher and analyzed using percentage analysis and Chi-square tests at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: Findings indicate that the majority of parents perceive routine immunization positively, acknowledging its importance in preventing illnesses and promoting child health. Routine immunization coverage was reported to be fairly high within the study area. Conclusion: The study concludes that parental perception plays a key role in sustaining immunization coverage. Health personnel should continue to strengthen community sensitization and awareness programs to maintain and improve uptake of routine immunization services in Ilorin South LGA.
Routine immunization, Morbidity, Mortality, Under-five children.
THE USE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE TREATMENT OF MALARIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN ILORIN METROPOLIS
Malaria remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly among pregnant women, where it contributes significantly to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the widespread availability of modern antimalarial therapies, many pregnant women continue to rely on traditional medicine for prevention and treatment. This study investigated the prevalence and perception of the use of traditional medicine for malaria treatment among pregnant women in Ilorin Metropolis. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. The population comprised all pregnant women in Ilorin West, East, and South Local Government Area who had experienced malaria during pregnancy. A sample of 362 respondents was selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a validated researcher-designed questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.78. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means). Findings revealed a high prevalence of traditional medicine use for malaria treatment among pregnant women in Ilorin Metropolis, with 86% of respondents reporting use of herbal mixtures and 84% using neem leaves (dogonyaro). Perceived efficacy was high (84% agreement), though safety concerns remained moderate (47% agreement). Respondents aged 26-35 years constituted 45.5% of the sample, 47.5% were multiparous, and 49.5% were in their third trimester. Many respondents also expressed a preference for combining traditional and modern healthcare, suggesting the potential for safe and structured integration. The study concludes that traditional medicine remains an essential component of malaria management among pregnant women in Ilorin Metropolis. It recommends government regulation, public health education, and scientific validation of commonly used herbs to ensure safe, effective, and evidence-based integration of traditional medicine into Nigeria's maternal healthcare system.
Knowledge and Attitude of Women of Childbearing Ages Towards the Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services at Ilorin West LGA
This study examined the knowledge and attitude of women of childbearing age towards the utilisation of antenatal care services at Ilorin West Local Government Area. A quantitative design was utilised for the study. The population of the study comprised all women of childbearing age in Ilorin West LGA, Kwara State. A multi-stage sampling procedure of simple random sampling, proportionate and convenience sampling techniques was employed to select three hundred and ninety-one (391) respondents for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire and an interview guide. Mean score ranking analysis, inferential analysis of Chi-square was employed to provide answers to research questions and analyse the hypotheses. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ministry of Health, Ilorin. The study findings revealed that there is a good level of knowledge of antenatal care services among women of childbearing age in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State.
Knowledge Attitude Women Child-Bearing Ilorin
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA UTILIZATION ON MENTAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE
This study examined the association between social media utilization and the mental health status of adolescents in Ilorin, Kwara State. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted, and a structured questionnaire was administered to 375 adolescents selected through multistage sampling. Mental health was assessed using adapted scales measuring anxiety, sadness, concentration difficulties, sleep disturbance, self-esteem, and negative social comparison, with good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.82). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and one-way ANOVA. Findings revealed that all participants were active social media users, with WhatsApp (68.0%) and TikTok (50.4%) being the most frequently used platforms. Anxiety and concentration difficulties were the most reported mental health challenges. Correlation analysis showed significant but weak associations: a negative correlation between duration of use and anxiety (r = - 0.220, p<0.001) and a positive correlation with sleep disturbance (r = 0.158, p=0.002). ANOVA results indicated that the purpose of social-media use had a significant and stronger association with all six mental-health outcomes, with entertainment use linked to more negative outcomes. It was concluded that patterns of social media use, particularly the purpose of engagement, are associated with adolescents’ psychological well-being. Parental monitoring, digital-literacy education, and guided social-media engagement were recommended to promote healthier online behavior.
Social Media, Adolescents, Mental Health.